Curriculum


2020 -21

PAPER TITLES




Semester

Paper

Title of the Paper

I Year
I
Paper I
Microbial Diversity, Algae & Fungi

II
Paper II
Diversity of Archaegoniatae & Plant Anatomy

II Year
III
Paper III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology

IV
Paper IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism

Certificate course
Herbal Medicine
III Year
V
Paper V
Cell biology and Genetics

Paper VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology

VI
Elective-1
Paper VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology

Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening

Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A2

Organic farming and Sustainable Agriculture
Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A3
Self Study Course
Crop Cultivation Techniques & Economic Development/Project/Intern ship/MOOC’S
Certificate course
Herbal therapy



                                                                                                 
                                                                      Theory                                                                                                                                            Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
I B.SC, I Semester, Paper-I
Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Microbial Diversity                                                                                                12 hrs
1.    Origin of life: Introduction, Spontaneous, Biogenesis, Pasteur experiments, Germ theory of disease.
2.  Microorganisms: Introduction, Classification (R.H.Whittaker’s five kingdom concept, Carl Woese’s–Domain system).
3.   Special groups of Bacteria (Brief account): Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Actinomycetes, Rickettsias and Cyanobacteria.    

UNIT-II: Microbial Diversity                                                                                               12 hrs
4.     Bacteria - Introduction, general characteristics, cell structure and nutrition.
5.   Reproduction: Asexual–Binary fission, endospores, Sexual–Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction.
6.      Economic importance of Bacteria.

UNIT-III: Microbial Diversity                                                                                             12 hrs
7.    Viruses - Introduction, T4 phage structure and replication (Lytic and Lysogenic), Structure of (TMV, Viroids and Prions).
8.      Plant diseases caused by Viruses: Symptoms, transmission and control measures of-
a.       Tobacco Mosaic Virus,  b. Bhendi vein clearing,  c. Papaya leaf-curl diseases.

UNIT-IV: Algae                                                                                                                    12 hrs
9.      General account: Introduction, Thallus organization and Reproduction.
10.  Fritsch classification (up to classes) and Economic importance.
11.  Structure, reproduction and life history: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia.

UNIT-V: Fungi                                                                                                                     12 hrs
12.  General account: Introduction, Mycelium structure, Reproduction and Classification (outlines of Ainsworth).
13. Structure, reproduction and life history: Albugo (Mastigomycota), Penicillium (Ascomycota) and Puccinia (Basidiomycota).
14. Lichens: Introduction, External morphology– Crustose, Foliose and Frutcose Lichens,  internal structure of thallus, External and internal structure of Apothecium, Economic importance. 


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
I B. Sc, I Semester, Paper-I
Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.  Knowledge of Equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hot-air oven, Autoclave, laminar air flow chamber, Incubator.
2.      Preparation of solid and liquid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration).
3.    Study of viruses and bacteria using electron photo micrograph /slides /models: TMV, Bacteriophage, HIV, Cocci, Bacillus, Spirillum bacteria).
4.      Gram staining technique (Demonstration).
5.    Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice, Angular leaf spot of Cotton) and viruses (TMV, Bhendi Vein clearing and Leaf curl of Papaya), Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast).
6.      Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following materials /slides /mounts /specimens:
a.       Cyanobacteria: Nostoc and Scytonema.
b.      Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia,
c.       Fungi: Penicillium and Puccinia.
d.      Lichens: Morphology of Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose, TS of Thallus, TS of Apothecium
7.      Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi: Albugo. 
8.      Field Visit to microbiology research institutes and report submission. 

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
I B.SC, II Semester, Paper-II
Diversity of Archegoniate & Plant Anatomy
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Bryophyta                                                                                                               12hrs
1.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
2.      Structure, reproduction and Life history: Marchantia and Anthoceros.
3.      Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes.

UNIT-II: Pteridophyta                                                                                                         12 hrs
4.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
5.      Structure, reproduction and Life history: Lycopodium and Marsilea.
6.      Heterospory and Seed habit.
7.      Stelar Evolution in Pteridophytes

UNIT-III: Gymnosperms                                                                                                     12 hrs
8.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
9. Morphology, Anatomy, Reproduction and Life history: Pinus and Gnetum. (Gnetum: Assignment/Seminar/Group discussion/Quiz).

UNIT-IV: Plant Anatomy                                                                                                    12 hrs
10. Meristems: Introduction, Shoot apical meristems – Apical  Cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica- Corpus theory, Root apical meristems - Apical Cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory, Quiscent centre theory.
11.Tissues: Simple–Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. Complex–Xylem and Phloem. Secretory–Schizogenous, Lysogenous and Hydathodes.
12.Tissue systems: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular.
                                                                       
UNIT-V: Plant Anatomy                                                                                                      12 hrs
13.  Anomalous secondary growth in Bignonia, Boerhaavia and Dracaena.
14.  Botanical name, Family and Economic importance of timber yielding plants: Teak wood, Rose wood, Red sanders and Neem wood. 


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
I B.SC, II Semester, Paper-II
Diversity of Archegoniate & Plant Anatomy
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:
1.      Vegetative and reproductive structures of following materials/slides/mounts /specimens:
a.      Bryophytes:  Marchantia, Anthoceros.
b.      Ptreridophytes: Lycopodium, Marselia.
c.       Gymnosperms: Pinus
2.      Section cutting:
a.       Lycopodium stem TS.
b.      Marselia Rhiome TS.
c.       Marselia petiole TS.
d.      Pinus needle TS.
e.       Pinus stem TS.
3.      Demonstration of double staining technique.
4.      Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides.
5.      Section cuttings of Anomalous secondary structures:
a.       Bignonia stem TS.
b.      Boerhaavia stem TS.
c.       Dracaena stem TS.
6.      Anatomical study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S using permanent slides.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
II B.Sc, III Semester, Paper-III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                     12hrs
1. Introduction: Aims of taxonomy, Aspects of systematic–Identification, nomenclature and classification.Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic.
2.   Systems of classification: Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification, Merits and demerits. Engler & Prantl system of classification, Merits and demerits (Out lines only)
3. Botanical nomenclature: Introduction, ICBN (International code of Botanical Nomenclature) - Principles, Rules (ranks of taxa, nomenclature of taxa, typification, principles of priority, valid publication, author citation, rejection of names).  

UNIT-II: Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                   12hrs
4.      Phylogeny: Origin and Evolution of Angiosperms.
5.  Herbarium: Introduction, Herbarium techniques (field visit, collection, pressing, drying, mounting, labeling, handling, organization) and Applications of herbarium. Botanical gardens (brief account)
6.      Systematic study and Economic importance of following families-
                Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, Curcurbitaceae   and Apiaceae.

UNIT-III:  Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                 12hrs
7.      Systematic study and Economic importance of following families-
     Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphobiaceae and  Poaceae.
             
UNIT-IV: Embryology                                                                                                         12hrs
10. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and Development of Male gametophyte.
11. Ovule structure and types, Megasporogenesis, Development of Monosporic, Bisporic
and Tetrasporic types (Adoxa, Drusa and peperomia) of Embryosacs, Structure of mature Embryo sac.
            12. Pollination and Fertilization (out lines).

UNIT-V: Embryology                                                                                                          12hrs
13. Endosperm: Development, Types and Haustoria.
14. Embryo: Dicot and Monocot embryo development.
15. Polyembryony: Types and significance. 

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
II B.Sc, III Semester, Paper-III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Systematic study of plants belonging to the following families:
a.       Annonaceae – Annona squamosa
b.      Rutaceae – Murraya paniculata
c.       Cucurbitaceae – Coccinia indica
d.      Asteraceae – Tridax procumbens
e.       Asclepiadaceae – Calotropis gigantia
f.       Lamiaceae – Ocmium sanctum
2.      Derivation of following plants up to their family level:
a.       Brassicaceae, b. Apiaceae, c. Euphorbiaceae, d.Poaceae.
3.  Demonstration of herbarium techniques: Field visit, Collection, Pressing, Drying, Mounting, Labeling, Handling and Organization.   
4.      Study of ovule types: Orthotropus, Anatropus and Campylotropus.
5.      Embryosac structures using permanent slides / Photographs / models: 2 nucleate, 4 nucleate and 8 nucleate.
6.      Structure of endosperm: Nuclear and cellular.
7.   Developmental stages of Dicot and Monocot embryos using permanent slides / Photographs / models.
8.   Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical     Examination.
9.      Field visits, Study of local flora and submission of field note book.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
II B.SC, IV Semester, Paper-IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Plant Physiology                                                                                                     12 hrs
1.   Plant–Water relations:Importance of water to plant life, Diffusion, imbibitions, osmosis and plasmolysis.
2.   Ascent of sap: Introduction, Mechanism of ascent of sap-Pulsation theory (J.C. Bose), Cohesion tension theory (Dixon and Jolly).
3.   Transpiration: Definition, Transpiration types, Structure of stomata, Mechanism of closing and opening of stomata, Starch sugar hypothesis and steward’s hypothesis, Antitranspirants.

UNIT-II: Plant Physiology                                                                                                   12 hrs
4.    Mineral Nutrition: Introduction, Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients, their role in plant Metabolism and Deficiency symptoms. (Assignment/Quiz)
5.  Mineral ion uptake: Passive transport–Diffusion, Ion exchange, Donnan equilibrium, Active transport–Carrier concept.
  1. Enzymes: Introduction, Structure and properties of enzymes, Mechanism of enzyme action, Factors regulating enzyme action.
UNIT-III: Plant Physiology                                                                                                  12 hrs
      7.   Photosynthesis:Definition, Structure of Chloroplast, Photosynthetic Pigments, Quantosomes,                     Hill Reaction.
  1. Mechanism of photosynthesis: Light Phase-Introduction, Emerson Enhancement phenomenon, Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation. Dark phase-C3, C4 and CAM path ways, Photorespiration (C2 Cycle), significance.    
  2. Translocation of organic solutes: Introduction, Source–Sink relationships, Mechanism of Phloem Transport-Munch’s Mass flow Hypothesis.
UNIT-IV: Plant Metabolism                                                                                                12 hrs
     10.  Respirtion: Introduction, Structure of Mitochondria, Types of Respiration-Aerobic &
Anaerobic, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System.
11.Nitrogen metabolism: Introduction, Biological nitrogen fixation in rhizobium, Protein synthesis (out lines)–Transcription and Translation.
  1. Lipid Metabolism: Introduction, Types of lipids and Beta-oxidation.
UNIT-V: Plant Metabolism                                                                                                  12 hrs
13.  Phytohormones: Definition and importance.
14.  Physiological effects of phytohormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, ABA and Ethylene.
15.  Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, Role of phytochrome in flowering, Vernalization.
16.  Physiology of senescence and ageing.

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
II B.SC, IV Semester, Paper-IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total hours of teaching 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:
MAJOR EXPERIMENTS

    1.      Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique.
   2.    Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method using leaves of             Rhoeo / Tradescantia.
    3.      Determination of rate of transpiration by cobalt chloride method.
    4.      Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method.  
    5.      Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis by ‘Hydrilla funnel’ experiment.
    6.      Study the effect of amylase enzyme on starch.
MINOR EXPERIMENTS

    7.      Demonstrations of ascent of sap / Transpiration pull.
    8.      Demonstration of osmosis by ‘egg membrane’ experiment.
    9.      Demonstration of imbibitions.
    10.  Demonstration of phototropism.
    11.  Demonstration of stomatal frequency using leaf epidermal peelings.
    12.  Demonstration of Dicot and Monocot stomata Structure.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-V
Cell biology and Genetics
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT – I: Cell Biology                                                                                                        12hrs
            1.      Introduction, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
            2.      Plant cell wall: Introduction, Ultra structure and Functions.
            3.      Plasma membrane: Introduction, Structure, Theories and Functions.

Unit – II: Cell Biology                                                                                                         12hrs
           4.      Mitochondria: Structure, Functions, Mitochondrial DNA.
           5.      Chloroplast: Structure, Functions, Chloroplast DNA.
           6.      Nucleus: Structure and Functions.
           7.      Cell division: Mitosis, Meiosis and their Significance.

Unit – III: Cell biology                                                                                                        12hrs
   8.      Chromosome: Introduction, Structure, Organization of DNA in Chromosome (Nucleosome Model), Euchromatin, Heterochromatin.
          9.      DNA: Introduction, Structure (Watson and Crick), DNA Types and Functions, DNA Replication (Semi Conservative).
                 10.  RNA: Introduction, Types and Functions.

Unit – IV: Genetics                                                                                                              12hrs
                11.  Mendelien Inheritance:  Introduction, Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation,                         Law of Independent Assortment, Back cross and Test cross.
               12.  Chromosome Theory of Inheritance.
               13.  Linkage: Introduction, Complete & Incomplete linkage, Factors Effecting Linkage                      and Significance.

Unit – V: Genetics                                                                                                                12hrs
               14.  Crossing Over:  Introduction, Mechanism of Crossing over, Theories – Johnson                            Hypothesis, Torsion Hypothesis, Breakage and Exchange Theory, Types – Single,                          Double and Multiple Crossing over and Significance.
               15.  Mutations: Introduction, Types of Mutations, Physical & Chemical Mutagens, Gene                     Mutations.


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-V
Cell biology and Genetics
Total hours of teaching 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

        1.      Study of Plant Cell Structure through Temporary Mounts.
       2.      Study of Plant Cell Organelles through Photomicrographs.
       3.      Study of Various Stages of Mitosis Using Cytological Preparation of Onion Root Tips.
       4.      Stages of Meiosis: Permanent Slides/Photographs.
       5.      Numerical Problems Solving Mendel ‘Laws of Inheritance’ – Monohybrid & Di-hybrid             crosses.
      6.      Chromosome Mapping Using 3 Point Test Cross Data.


Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit – I: Medicinal   Botany                                                                                             12hrs
          1.      History, Scope and Importance of Medicinal Plants.
          2.     Ayurveda: Introduction, Panchamahabuthas, Sapthadaathus, Tridoshas, Plants Used in                   Ayurvedic Treatment.
         3.      Homeopathy: Introduction, Laws of Homeopathy, Diagnosis and Treatment.
         4.      Naturopathy: Introduction, Concepts, Treatment.

Unit – II: Medicinal Botany                                                                                               12hrs
        5.      Role of Medicinal Plants in Primary Health Care: Botanical Name, Family, Active          Principle and Medicinal Importance of Following Plants - Ocimum sanctum, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Aerva lanata and Eclipta alba.
      6.      Role of Medicinal Plants in Modern medicine: Botanical Name, Family, Chemical              constituent and Medicinal Uses of following plants - Rawolfia serpentine, Gymnema sylvestris, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus emblica,  Catheranthus roseus.
 
Unit–III: Medicinal Botany                                                                                                12hrs
       7.     Important medicinal plants: History, Biological source, Morphology, Cultivation,                      collection, Preservation, Active principle, Administration and Medicinal uses of                            following    plants - Cinchona officinalis, Strychnos nuxvomica, Andrographis                                     paniculata.
       8.   Important medicinal products: Introduction, Properties, Biological source, Uses of                     following products - Alkaloids, Steroids, Gums, Resins, Latex.
       9.    Conservation: Introduction, Objectives, Rare species, Endemic and Endangered                            medicinal  plants, Conservation methods.

Unit–IV: Plant Ecology                                                                                                       12hrs
      10.  Introduction, Components of ecosystems, Food chains, Food webs.
      11.  Ecological pyramids: Number, Biomass and Energy pyramids. 
      12.Ecological succession: Introduction, Hydrosere and Xerosere.
      13.  Population ecology: Natality, Mortality, Growth curves, Ecotypes, Ecads.

Unit–V Plant Ecology                                                                                                          12hrs
       14.  Community ecology: Frequency, Density, Cover, Life forms, Biological spectrum.
       15.  Ecological factors: light, temperature, Edaphic and Biotic factors.
       16.  Biogeochemical cycles: Water and Nitrogen. 

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

     1.      Botanical name, family, morphology of useful part and medicinal uses of following                         medicinal plants
                        a.       Rawolfia serpentine,
b.      Gymnema sylvestris,
c.       Centella asiatica,
d.      Phyllanthus emblica, 
e.       Catheranthus roseus. 
f.    Ocimum sanctum,
g.    Aloe vera,
h.   Curcuma longa,
i.    Aerva lanata and
j     Eclipta alba.
k.   Cinchona officinalis,
l.   Strychnos nuxvomica,
m.  Andrographis paniculata.

2.      Study of medicinal products: Alkaloids, Steroids, Gums, Resins, Latex.
3.      Collection and preparation of herbarium of 15 medicinal plants.                                          
4.      Study of instruments:
a.       Anemometer
b.      light meter
c.       Hygrometer
d.      Wet and dry bulb thermometer.
5.      Determination of soil pH
6.      Study of 5 endemic and 5 endangered plants with Photographs.
7.      Visit to Medicinal garden / Forest ecosystem.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, VI Semester, Elective Paper-VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit-I Economic Botany                                                                                                       12hrs
1.      Introduction and Scope.
2.      Vavilov’s centers of crop plants.
3.      Morphology and Nutritive value of following crops-
a.       Cereals: Rice and wheat.
b.      Millets: Jowar and Bajra.

Unit-II Economic Botany                                                                                                     12hrs
Botanical name, family, part used and economic importance of following-
4.      Legumes: Red gram, Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram
5.      Spices: Cloves, Cardamom, Pepper, Cinnamomum
6.      Oils: Ground nut oil, Sun flower oil, Gingili oil, Palm oil.
7.      Beverages: Tea and Coffee.

Unit-III Economic Botany                                                                                                    12hrs
8.    Coconut plant: General description, Extraction of oil, Preparation of copra and coir and Economic importance.
9.  Banana plant: General description, Propagation, Harvesting, Curing, arketing and Economic importance of plant parts.

Unit-IV Plant Biotechnology                                                                                                12hrs
10.  Introduction, History, Scope and Importance.
11. Gene transfer techniques in plants: Introduction, Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer and DNA mediated gene transfer techniques.
12. Applications of Biotechnology in crop improvement: Viral resistant, bacterial resistant, Fungal resistant, cold resistant and Drought resistant plants, Golden Rice.

Unit-V Plant Biotechnology                                                                                                 12hrs
13.  Tissue culture techniques: Introduction, Scope and Totipotency.
14.  Sterilization techniques, MS medium, Inoculation, Incubation, Regeneration of plants from callus (organogenesis, Embryogenesis), Transfer of plantlets to fields.
15. Applications of tissue culture: Micropropagation, Germ plasm storage, Embryo rescue, Somaclonal variation, Haploid plants, Artificial seeds, Production of secondary metabolites, Somatic hybrids and Transgenic plants.


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, VI Semester, Elective, Paper-VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:
        1.      Collection, identification and economic importance of following products:
a.       Rice.
b.      Wheat.
c.       Red gram.
d.      Green gram.
e.       Black gram.
f.       Bengal gram.
g.      Cloves.
h.      Cardamom.
i.        Pepper.
j.        Cinnamomum.
k.      Ground nut oil.
l.        Sun flower oil.
m.    Gingili oil.
n.      Palm oil.
o.      Tea.
p.      Coffee.
                                        
    2.      Study of gene transfer techniques through photographs:
a.       Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer technique.
b.      Direct gene transfer technique.
                                                              i.      Electro poration.
                                                            ii.      Micro injection.
                                                          iii.      Micro projectile bombardment,
    3.      Study of Golden Rice. Sample / Photographs.
    4.      Instruments used in tissue culture
a.       Autoclave
b.      Hot air oven
c.       Incubator
d.      Laminar flow chamber
    5.      Visits to tea/ rice /oil processing units / Biotechnology lab / tissue culture lab.


Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week
                                                                             
Unit-I Nursery                                                                                                                       12hrs
      1.      Introduction, Objectives and Scope.
      2.      Structural construction of nursery
      3.      Raising seedlings and Transplantation.

Unit-II Nursery                                                                                                                     12hrs
     4.      Vegetative propagation: Introduction, Importance and Scope.
     5.      Grafting technique: Introduction, types – Detached Scion grafting and bud grafting.  
     6.      Layering: Introduction, Natural and Artificial layering.

Unit-III Gardening                                                                                                               12hrs
     7.      Gardening: Introduction, Objectives and Scope.
     8.      Gardening: Features of garden-Fencing, Lawn, Flower beds, Boarders, Steps.
     9.      Home gardening: Guidelines, Characters, Designs and Benefits.

Unit-IV Gardening                                                                                                               12hrs
    10.  Famous gardens of India: Ooty, Bangaluru, Kolkota and Darjeeling.
    11.  Bonsai: Introduction, Principles, Cultivation and Common styles of Bonsai.
    12.  Land scaping: Goals, Catogeries, Designs, Benefits, Computer applications in landscaping.

Unit-V Gardening                                                                                                                 12hrs
   13.  Cultivation, Harvesting and Packaging of important cut flowers: Carnation, Chrysanthemum,         Anthuriums, Gladiolus, Marigold, Rose, Lilium and jasmine.
   14.  Hydroponic culture technique.
   15.  Terrace garden technique.

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
IIIB.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:
    1.      Seedling raising and transplantation.
    2.       Vegetable grafting techniques
    3.      Grafting techniques: Mango, Sapota and Rose.
    4.      Layering techniques: Crotons, Ixora and Guava.
    5.      Demonstration of Bonsai cultivation.
    6.      Terrace garden technique.
    7.      Hydroponics technique.
    8.      Flower bouquet preparations.
    9.      Visit to Horticulture University.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A2
Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture.
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit-I Organic farming                                                                                                        12hrs
    1.      Organic farming: Introduction, Principles, Benefits, Scope.
    2.      Agencies and Institutions related to Organic farming.
    3.      Types of Soil, Soil tillage, Land preparation, Mulching, Planting materials, Seed treatment,         Water management.

Unit-II Organic farming                                                                                                       12hrs
    4.      Natural organic fertilizers: Introduction, Nadep compost, Compost, Animal manure.
    5.      Artificial organic fertilizers: Introduction, Ghana Jeevamrutham, Drava Jeevamrutham,             Pancha gavya.
    6.      Bio-fertilizers: Introduction, Azolla, Symbiotic Bacteria, Non-symbiotic Bacteria, and                 Mychorrhiza.  

Unit-III Organic farming                                                                                                     12hrs
    7.      Bio-pesticides: Introduction, Vavili aaku decoction, Neem decoction and Datura decoction.
    8.      Policies and Incentives of organic production.
    9.       Farm inspection crop and Certification.

Unit-IV Sustainable agriculture                                                                                           12hrs
    10.  Cereals: Maize.
    11.  Millets: Korralu (Fox tail) and Ragulu.
    12.  Pulses: Soya beans, Ulavalu (Horse gram)

Unit-V Sustainable agriculture                                                                                            12hrs
    13.  Organic vegetables: Introduction, 36 X 36 Model
    14.  Organic fruits: Papaya, Water melon, Guava, Lemon.
    15.  Sericulture and Mushroom cultivation Techniques.
  
Practical                                                                 
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A2
Organic farming and Sustainable Agriculture.
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises
            1.      Construction of Compost manure pit.
            2.      Preparation of Ghana Jeevamrutham, Drava Jeevamrutham and Pancha gavya.
            3.      Cultivation of Azolla.
            4.      Study of Symbiotic Bacteria, Non-symbiotic Bacteria, and Mychorrhiza with the help of             photographs/specimens. 
            5.      Preparation of Vavili aaku decoction, Neem decoction and Datura decoction.
            6.      Study of nutritional value and preparation of recipes: Maize, Korralu (Fox tail) Ragulu,                 Soya beans and Ulavalu (horse gram)
            7.      Construction of 36 X 36 Model Organic kitchen garden.
            8.      To study the nutritional value and preparation of commercial products: water melon                     candy, lemon cubes , Guava nectar and orange squash.
            9.      Field Visits to organic farming / sericulture / mushroom cultivation Units.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2020 - 21
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A3
SELF STUDY COURSE    
Crop cultivation Techniques & Economic Development

Unit-I Cocoa cultivation:
    1.      Introduction, Morphology, Pruning techniques, Climate & Soil types.
    2.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
    3.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-II Oil palm cultivation:
    4.      Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    5.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
    6.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-III Sugar cane cultivation:
    7.      Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    8.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
    9.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-IV Mango cultivation:
    10.  Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    11.  Plantation & Irrigation management.
    12.  Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-V Cashew nut cultivation
    13.  Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    14.  Plantation & Irrigation management.
    15.  Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A3
SELF STUDY COURSE

Crop cultivation Techniques & Economic Development  

Laboratory Exercises:
1.  Visit to Cocoa gardens, Pruning, Post harvesting techniques, Mondelez India Foods Private Limited, Eluru /Local area
2.      Visit to Oil palm research centre,  Pedavegi / Local area
3.      Visit to Sugar factory, observation of sugar processing – Andhra sugars, Bhimadolu / Local area.
4.      Visit to Mango gardens, Mango Processing, Nuziveedu / Local area.
5.      Visit to Cashew nut gardens, processing of cashew nut, Jangareddygudem / Local area.

Syllabus for Botany Certificate Course: 2020 - 2021

Herbal Therapy

  1. Introduction and scope of medicinal plants.
  2. Collection and preservation of important medicinal plants.
  3. Visit to medicinal important industries and organizations. 
  4. Study of the following plants and plant products:

    a.      Home remedies

1.      Curcuma longa – Turmeric,

2.      Zingiber officinale - Ginger

3.      Piper nigrum - Pepper

4.      Allium sativum - Garlic

5.      Elettaria cardamomum - Cardamom

6.      Cinnamomum zeylanicum - Cinnamon

7.      Cuminum cyminum - Cumin

8.      Syzygium Aromaticum –Cloves 

9.      Trigonella foenum graecum – Fenugreek

10.  Ferula asafetida – Asafoetida

b.      Medicinal importance of the following plants

11.      Centella asiatica – Brahmi

12.      Eclipta alba – Gunta Galagara

13.      Aloe vera – Kalabanda

14.      Coriandrum sativum – Coriander

15.      Mentha arvensis – Pudina

16.      Ocimum sanctum –Tulasi

17.      Azadirachta indica – Neem

18.      Gymnema sylvestris – Podapatri

19.      Hibiscus rosa sinensis – Mandara

20.  Murraya koenigii - Curry leaf  

c.      Medicinal importance of the following fruits

21.  Annona squamosa  - Custard apple

22.  Carica papaya - Papaya

23.  Citrus aurantifolia - Lime

24.  Punica grnatum - Pomo granite

25.  Phyllanthus emblica – Amla

2019 -20

PAPER TITLES




Semester

Paper

Title of the Paper

I Year
I
Paper I
Microbial Diversity, Algae & Fungi

II
Paper II
Diversity of Archaegoniatae & Plant Anatomy

II Year
III
Paper III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology

IV
Paper IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism

Certificate course
Herbal Medicine
III Year
V
Paper V
Cell biology and Genetics

Paper VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology

VI
Elective-1
Paper VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology

Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening

Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A2

Organic farming and Sustainable Agriculture.

Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A3
Self Study Course
Crop Cultivation Techniques & Economic Development/Project/Intern ship/MOOC’S
Certificate course
Herbal therapy


                                                                                                  
                                                                      Theory                                                                                                                                            Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
I B.SC, I Semester, Paper-I
Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Microbial Diversity                                                                                                12 hrs
1.    Origin of life: Introduction, Spontaneous, Biogenesis, Pasteur experiments, Germ theory of disease.
2.  Microorganisms: Introduction, Classification (R.H.Whittaker’s five kingdom concept, Carl Woese’s–Domain system).
3.   Special groups of Bacteria (Brief account): Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Actinomycetes, Rickettsias and Cyanobacteria.    

UNIT-II: Microbial Diversity                                                                                               12 hrs
4.     Bacteria - Introduction, general characteristics, cell structure and nutrition.
5.   Reproduction: Asexual–Binary fission, endospores, Sexual–Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction.
6.      Economic importance of Bacteria.

UNIT-III: Microbial Diversity                                                                                             12 hrs
7.    Viruses - Introduction, T4 phage structure and replication (Lytic and Lysogenic), Structure of (TMV, Viroids and Prions).
8.      Plant diseases caused by Viruses: Symptoms, transmission and control measures of-
a.       Tobacco Mosaic Virus,  b. Bhendi vein clearing,  c. Papaya leaf-curl diseases.

UNIT-IV: Algae                                                                                                                    12 hrs
9.      General account: Introduction, Thallus organization and Reproduction.
10.  Fritsch classification (up to classes) and Economic importance.
11.  Structure, reproduction and life history: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia.

UNIT-V: Fungi                                                                                                                     12 hrs
12.  General account: Introduction, Mycelium structure, Reproduction and Classification (outlines of Ainsworth).
13. Structure, reproduction and life history: Albugo (Mastigomycota), Penicillium (Ascomycota) and Puccinia (Basidiomycota).
14. Lichens: Introduction, External morphology– Crustose, Foliose and Frutcose Lichens,  internal structure of thallus, External and internal structure of Apothecium, Economic importance. 



Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
I B. Sc, I Semester, Paper-I
Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.  Knowledge of Equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hot-air oven, Autoclave, laminar air flow chamber, Incubator.
2.      Preparation of solid and liquid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration).
3.      Study of viruses and bacteria using electron photo micrograph /slides /models: TMV, Bacteriophage, HIV, Cocci, Bacillus, Spirillum bacteria).
4.      Gram staining technique (Demonstration).
5.      Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice, Angular leaf spot of Cotton) and viruses (TMV, Bhendi Vein clearing and Leaf curl of Papaya), Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast).
6.      Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following materials /slides /mounts /specimens:
a.       Cyanobacteria: Nostoc and Scytonema.
b.      Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia,
c.       Fungi: Penicillium and Puccinia.
d.      Lichens: Morphology of Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose, TS of Thallus, TS of Apothecium
7.      Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi: Albugo. 
8.      Field Visit to microbiology research institutes and report submission. 


Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
I B.SC, II Semester, Paper-II
Diversity of Archegoniate & Plant Anatomy
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Bryophyta                                                                                                               12hrs
1.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
2.      Structure, reproduction and Life history: Marchantia and Anthoceros.
3.      Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes.

UNIT-II: Pteridophyta                                                                                                         12 hrs
4.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
5.      Structure, reproduction and Life history: Lycopodium and Marsilea.
6.      Heterospory and Seed habit.
7.      Stelar Evolution in Pteridophytes

UNIT-III: Gymnosperms                                                                                                     12 hrs
8.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
9. Morphology, Anatomy, Reproduction and Life history: Pinus and Gnetum. (Gnetum: Assignment/Seminar/Group discussion/Quiz).

UNIT-IV: Plant Anatomy                                                                                                    12 hrs
10.  Meristems: Introduction, Shoot apical meristems – Apical  Cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica- Corpus theory, Root apical meristems - Apical Cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory, Quiscent centre theory.
11.Tissues: Simple–Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. Complex–Xylem and Phloem. Secretory–Schizogenous, Lysogenous and Hydathodes.
12.Tissue systems: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular.
                                                                       
UNIT-V: Plant Anatomy                                                                                                      12 hrs
13.  Anomalous secondary growth in Bignonia, Boerhaavia and Dracaena.
14.  Botanical name, Family and Economic importance of timber yielding plants: Teak wood, Rose wood, Red sanders and Neem wood. 



Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
I B.SC, II Semester, Paper-II
Diversity of Archegoniate & Plant Anatomy
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Vegetative and reproductive structures of following materials/slides/mounts /specimens:
a.      Bryophytes:  Marchantia, Anthoceros.
b.      Ptreridophytes: Lycopodium, Marselia.
c.       Gymnosperms: Pinus
2.      Section cutting:
a.       Lycopodium stem TS.
b.      Marselia Rhiome TS.
c.       Marselia petiole TS.
d.      Pinus needle TS.
e.       Pinus stem TS.
3.      Demonstration of double staining technique.
4.      Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides.
5.      Section cuttings of Anomalous secondary structures:
a.       Bignonia stem TS.
b.      Boerhaavia stem TS.
c.       Dracaena stem TS.

6.      Anatomical study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S using permanent slides.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
II B.Sc, III Semester, Paper-III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                     12hrs
1. Introduction: Aims of taxonomy, Aspects of systematic–Identification, nomenclature and classification.Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic.
2.   Systems of classification: Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification, Merits and demerits. Engler & Prantl system of classification, Merits and demerits (Out lines only)
3. Botanical nomenclature: Introduction, ICBN (International code of Botanical Nomenclature) - Principles, Rules (ranks of taxa, nomenclature of taxa, typification, principles of priority, valid publication, author citation, rejection of names).  

UNIT-II: Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                   12hrs
4.      Phylogeny: Origin and Evolution of Angiosperms.
5.  Herbarium: Introduction, Herbarium techniques (field visit, collection, pressing, drying, mounting, labeling, handling, organization) and Applications of herbarium. Botanical gardens (brief account)
6.      Systematic study and Economic importance of following families-
                Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, Curcurbitaceae   and Apiaceae.

UNIT-III:  Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                 12hrs
7.      Systematic study and Economic importance of following families-
     Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphobiaceae and  Poaceae.
             
UNIT-IV: Embryology                                                                                                         12hrs
10. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and Development of Male gametophyte.
11. Ovule structure and types, Megasporogenesis, Development of Monosporic, Bisporic
and Tetrasporic types (Adoxa, Drusa and peperomia) of Embryosacs, Structure of mature Embryo sac.
            12. Pollination and Fertilization (out lines).

UNIT-V: Embryology                                                                                                          12hrs
13. Endosperm: Development, Types and Haustoria.
14. Embryo: Dicot and Monocot embryo development.
15. Polyembryony: Types and significance. 

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
II B.Sc, III Semester, Paper-III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Systematic study of plants belonging to the following families:
a.       Annonaceae – Annona squamosa
b.      Rutaceae – Murraya paniculata
c.       Cucurbitaceae – Coccinia indica
d.      Asteraceae – Tridax procumbens
e.       Asclepiadaceae – Calotropis gigantia
f.       Lamiaceae – Ocmium sanctum
2.      Derivation of following plants up to their family level:
a.       Brassicaceae, b. Apiaceae, c. Euphorbiaceae, d.Poaceae.
3.  Demonstration of herbarium techniques: Field visit, Collection, Pressing, Drying, Mounting, Labeling, Handling and Organization.   
4.      Study of ovule types: Orthotropus, Anatropus and Campylotropus.
5.      Embryosac structures using permanent slides / Photographs / models: 2 nucleate, 4 nucleate and 8 nucleate.
6.      Structure of endosperm: Nuclear and cellular.
7.   Developmental stages of Dicot and Monocot embryos using permanent slides / Photographs / models.
8.   Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical     Examination.
9.      Field visits, Study of local flora and submission of field note book.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
II B.SC, IV Semester, Paper-IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Plant Physiology                                                                                                     12 hrs
1.   Plant–Water relations:Importance of water to plant life, Diffusion, imbibitions, osmosis and plasmolysis.
2.   Ascent of sap: Introduction, Mechanism of ascent of sap-Pulsation theory (J.C. Bose), Cohesion tension theory (Dixon and Jolly).
3.   Transpiration: Definition, Transpiration types, Structure of stomata, Mechanism of closing and opening of stomata, Starch sugar hypothesis and steward’s hypothesis, Antitranspirants.

UNIT-II: Plant Physiology                                                                                                   12 hrs
4.    Mineral Nutrition: Introduction, Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients, their role in plant Metabolism and Deficiency symptoms. (Assignment/Quiz)
5.  Mineral ion uptake: Passive transport–Diffusion, Ion exchange, Donnan equilibrium, Active transport–Carrier concept.
  1. Enzymes: Introduction, Structure and properties of enzymes, Mechanism of enzyme action, Factors regulating enzyme action.
UNIT-III: Plant Physiology                                                                                                  12 hrs
      7.   Photosynthesis:Definition, Structure of Chloroplast, Photosynthetic Pigments, Quantosomes, Hill            Reaction.
  1. Mechanism of photosynthesis: Light Phase-Introduction, Emerson Enhancement phenomenon, Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation. Dark phase-C3, C4 and CAM path ways, Photorespiration (C2 Cycle), significance.    
  2. Translocation of organic solutes: Introduction, Source–Sink relationships, Mechanism of Phloem Transport-Munch’s Mass flow Hypothesis.
UNIT-IV: Plant Metabolism                                                                                                12 hrs
     10.  Respirtion: Introduction, Structure of Mitochondria, Types of Respiration-Aerobic &
Anaerobic, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System.
11.Nitrogen metabolism: Introduction, Biological nitrogen fixation in rhizobium, Protein synthesis (out lines)–Transcription and Translation.
  1. Lipid Metabolism: Introduction, Types of lipids and Beta-oxidation.
UNIT-V: Plant Metabolism                                                                                                  12 hrs
13.  Phytohormones: Definition and importance.
14.  Physiological effects of phytohormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, ABA and Ethylene.
15.  Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, Role of phytochrome in flowering, Vernalization.
16.  Physiology of senescence and ageing.


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
II B.SC, IV Semester, Paper-IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total hours of teaching 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:
MAJOR EXPERIMENTS

1.      Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique.
2.    Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method using leaves of Rhoeo / Tradescantia.
3.      Determination of rate of transpiration by cobalt chloride method.
4.      Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method.  
5.      Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis by ‘Hydrilla funnel’ experiment.
6.      Study the effect of amylase enzyme on starch.
MINOR EXPERIMENTS

7.      Demonstrations of ascent of sap / Transpiration pull.
8.      Demonstration of osmosis by ‘egg membrane’ experiment.
9.      Demonstration of imbibitions.
10.  Demonstration of phototropism.
11.  Demonstration of stomatal frequency using leaf epidermal peelings.
12.  Demonstration of Dicot and Monocot stomata Structure.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-V
Cell biology and Genetics
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT – I: Cell Biology                                                                                                        12hrs
            1.      Introduction, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
            2.      Plant cell wall: Introduction, Ultra structure and Functions.
            3.      Plasma membrane: Introduction, Structure, Theories and Functions.

Unit – II: Cell Biology                                                                                                         12hrs
           4.      Mitochondria: Structure, Functions, Mitochondrial DNA.
           5.      Chloroplast: Structure, Functions, Chloroplast DNA.
           6.      Nucleus: Structure and Functions.
           7.      Cell division: Mitosis, Meiosis and their Significance.

Unit – III: Cell biology                                                                                                        12hrs
   8.      Chromosome: Introduction, Structure, Organization of DNA in Chromosome (Nucleosome Model), Euchromatin, Heterochromatin.
          9.      DNA: Introduction, Structure (Watson and Crick), DNA Types and Functions, DNA Replication (Semi Conservative).
                 10.  RNA: Introduction, Types and Functions.

Unit – IV: Genetics                                                                                                              12hrs
                11.  Mendelien Inheritance:  Introduction, Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation,                         Law of Independent Assortment, Back cross and Test cross.
               12.  Chromosome Theory of Inheritance.
               13.  Linkage: Introduction, Complete & Incomplete linkage, Factors Effecting Linkage                      and Significance.
Unit – V: Genetics                                                                                                                12hrs
               14.  Crossing Over:  Introduction, Mechanism of Crossing over, Theories – Johnson                            Hypothesis, Torsion Hypothesis, Breakage and Exchange Theory, Types – Single,                          Double and Multiple Crossing over and Significance.
               15.  Mutations: Introduction, Types of Mutations, Physical & Chemical Mutagens, Gene                     Mutations.



Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-V
Cell biology and Genetics
Total hours of teaching 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

        1.      Study of Plant Cell Structure through Temporary Mounts.
       2.      Study of Plant Cell Organelles through Photomicrographs.
       3.      Study of Various Stages of Mitosis Using Cytological Preparation of Onion Root Tips.
      4.      Stages of Meiosis: Permanent Slides/Photographs.
      5.      Numerical Problems Solving Mendel ‘Laws of Inheritance’ – Monohybrid & Di-hybrid             crosses.
      6.      Chromosome Mapping Using 3 Point Test Cross Data.


Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit – I: Medicinal   Botany                                                                                             12hrs
          1.      History, Scope and Importance of Medicinal Plants.
          2.     Ayurveda: Introduction, Panchamahabuthas, Sapthadaathus, Tridoshas, Plants Used in                   Ayurvedic Treatment.
         3.      Homeopathy: Introduction, Laws of Homeopathy, Diagnosis and Treatment.
         4.      Naturopathy: Introduction, Concepts, Treatment.

Unit – II: Medicinal Botany                                                                                               12hrs
        5.      Role of Medicinal Plants in Primary Health Care: Botanical Name, Family, Active          Principle and Medicinal Importance of Following Plants - Ocimum sanctum, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Aerva lanata and Eclipta alba.
      6.      Role of Medicinal Plants in Modern medicine: Botanical Name, Family, Chemical              constituent and Medicinal Uses of following plants - Rawolfia serpentine, Gymnema sylvestris, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus emblica,  Catheranthus roseus.
 
Unit–III: Medicinal Botany                                                                                                12hrs
       7.     Important medicinal plants: History, Biological source, Morphology, Cultivation,                      collection, Preservation, Active principle, Administration and Medicinal uses of                            following    plants - Cinchona officinalis, Strychnos nuxvomica, Andrographis                                 paniculata.
       8.   Important medicinal products: Introduction, Properties, Biological source, Uses of                     following products - Alkaloids, Steroids, Gums, Resins, Latex.
       9.    Conservation: Introduction, Objectives, Rare species, Endemic and Endangered                            medicinal  plants, Conservation methods.

Unit–IV: Plant Ecology                                                                                                       12hrs
      10.  Introduction, Components of ecosystems, Food chains, Food webs.
      11.  Ecological pyramids: Number, Biomass and Energy pyramids. 
      12.Ecological succession: Introduction, Hydrosere and Xerosere.
      13.  Population ecology: Natality, Mortality, Growth curves, Ecotypes, Ecads.

Unit–V Plant Ecology                                                                                                          12hrs
       14.  Community ecology: Frequency, Density, Cover, Life forms, Biological spectrum.
       15.  Ecological factors: light, temperature, Edaphic and Biotic factors.
       16.  Biogeochemical cycles: Water and Nitrogen. 


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:
           
1.      Botanical name, family, morphology of useful part and medicinal uses of following medicinal plants
                        a.       Rawolfia serpentine,
b.      Gymnema sylvestris,
c.       Centella asiatica,
d.      Phyllanthus emblica, 
e.       Catheranthus roseus. 
f.    Ocimum sanctum,
g.    Aloe vera,
h.   Curcuma longa,
i.    Aerva lanata and
j     Eclipta alba.
k.   Cinchona officinalis,
l.   Strychnos nuxvomica,
m.  Andrographis paniculata.

2.      Study of medicinal products: Alkaloids, Steroids, Gums, Resins, Latex.
3.      Collection and preparation of herbarium of 15 medicinal plants.                                          
4.      Study of instruments:
a.       Anemometer
b.      light meter
c.       Hygrometer
d.      Wet and dry bulb thermometer.
5.      Determination of soil pH
6.      Study of 5 endemic and 5 endangered plants with Photographs.
7.      Visit to Medicinal garden / Forest ecosystem.


Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, VI Semester, Elective Paper-VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit-I Economic Botany                                                                                                       12hrs
1.      Introduction and Scope.
2.      Vavilov’s centers of crop plants.
3.      Morphology and Nutritive value of following crops-
a.       Cereals: Rice and wheat.
b.      Millets: Jowar and Bajra.
Unit-II Economic Botany                                                                                                     12hrs
Botanical name, family, part used and economic importance of following-
4.      Legumes: Red gram, Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram
5.      Spices: Cloves, Cardamom, Pepper, Cinnamomum
6.      Oils: Ground nut oil, Sun flower oil, Gingili oil, Palm oil.
7.      Beverages: Tea and Coffee.
Unit-III Economic Botany                                                                                                    12hrs
8.    Coconut plant: General description, Extraction of oil, Preparation of copra and coir and Economic importance.
9.  Banana plant: General description, Propagation, Harvesting, Curing, arketing and Economic importance of plant parts.
Unit-IV Plant Biotechnology                                                                                                12hrs
10.  Introduction, History, Scope and Importance.
11. Gene transfer techniques in plants: Introduction, Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer and DNA mediated gene transfer techniques.
12. Applications of Biotechnology in crop improvement: Viral resistant, bacterial resistant, Fungal resistant, cold resistant and Drought resistant plants, Golden Rice.
Unit-V Plant Biotechnology                                                                                                 12hrs
13.  Tissue culture techniques: Introduction, Scope and Totipotency.
14.  Sterilization techniques, MS medium, Inoculation, Incubation, Regeneration of plants from callus (organogenesis, Embryogenesis), Transfer of plantlets to fields.
15. Applications of tissue culture: Micropropagation, Germ plasm storage, Embryo rescue, Somaclonal variation, Haploid plants, Artificial seeds, Production of secondary metabolites, Somatic hybrids and Transgenic plants.


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, VI Semester, Elective, Paper-VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Collection, identification and economic importance of following products:
a.       Rice.
b.      Wheat.
c.       Red gram.
d.      Green gram.
e.       Black gram.
f.       Bengal gram.
g.      Cloves.
h.      Cardamom.
i.        Pepper.
j.        Cinnamomum.
k.      Ground nut oil.
l.        Sun flower oil.
m.    Gingili oil.
n.      Palm oil.
o.      Tea.
p.      Coffee.
                                        
2.      Study of gene transfer techniques through photographs:
a.       Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer technique.
b.      Direct gene transfer technique.
                                                              i.      Electro poration.
                                                            ii.      Micro injection.
                                                          iii.      Micro projectile bombardment,
3.      Study of Golden Rice. Sample / Photographs.
4.      Instruments used in tissue culture
a.       Autoclave
b.      Hot air oven
c.       Incubator
d.      Laminar flow chamber
5.      Visits to tea/ rice /oil processing units / Biotechnology lab / tissue culture lab.



Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week
                                                                             
Unit-I Nursery                                                                                                                       12hrs
      1.      Introduction, Objectives and Scope.
      2.      Structural construction of nursery
      3.      Raising seedlings and Transplantation.
Unit-II Nursery                                                                                                                     12hrs
     4.      Vegetative propagation: Introduction, Importance and Scope.
     5.      Grafting technique: Introduction, types – Detached Scion grafting and bud grafting.  
     6.      Layering: Introduction, Natural and Artificial layering.
Unit-III Gardening                                                                                                               12hrs
     7.      Gardening: Introduction, Objectives and Scope.
     8.      Gardening: Features of garden-Fencing, Lawn, Flower beds, Boarders, Steps.
     9.      Home gardening: Guidelines, Characters, Designs and Benefits.
Unit-IV Gardening                                                                                                               12hrs
    10.  Famous gardens of India: Ooty, Bangaluru, Kolkota and Darjeeling.
    11.  Bonsai: Introduction, Principles, Cultivation and Common styles of Bonsai.
    12.  Land scaping: Goals, Catogeries, Designs, Benefits, Computer applications in landscaping.
Unit-V Gardening                                                                                                                 12hrs
   13.  Cultivation, Harvesting and Packaging of important cut flowers: Carnation, Chrysanthemum,         Anthuriums, Gladiolus, Marigold, Rose, Lilium and jasmine.
   14.  Hydroponic culture technique.
   15.  Terrace garden technique.

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
IIIB.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

    1.      Seedling raising and transplantation.
    2.       Vegetable grafting techniques
    3.      Grafting techniques: Mango, Sapota and Rose.
    4.      Layering techniques: Crotons, Ixora and Guava.
    5.      Demonstration of Bonsai cultivation.
    6.      Terrace garden technique.
    7.      Hydroponics technique.
    8.      Flower bouquet preparations.
    9.      Visit to Horticulture University.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A2
Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture.
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit-I Organic farming                                                                                                        12hrs
    1.      Organic farming: Introduction, Principles, Benefits, Scope.
    2.      Agencies and Institutions related to Organic farming.
    3.      Types of Soil, Soil tillage, Land preparation, Mulching, Planting materials, Seed treatment,         Water management.

Unit-II Organic farming                                                                                                       12hrs
    4.      Natural organic fertilizers: Introduction, Nadep compost, Compost, Animal manure.
    5.      Artificial organic fertilizers: Introduction, Ghana Jeevamrutham, Drava Jeevamrutham,             Pancha gavya.
    6.      Bio-fertilizers: Introduction, Azolla, Symbiotic Bacteria, Non-symbiotic Bacteria, and                 Mychorrhiza.  

Unit-III Organic farming                                                                                                     12hrs
    7.      Bio-pesticides: Introduction, Vavili aaku decoction, Neem decoction and Datura decoction.
    8.      Policies and Incentives of organic production.
    9.       Farm inspection crop and Certification.

Unit-IV Sustainable agriculture                                                                                           12hrs
    10.  Cereals: Maize.
    11.  Millets: Korralu (Fox tail) and Ragulu.
    12.  Pulses: Soya beans, Ulavalu (Horse gram)

Unit-V Sustainable agriculture                                                                                            12hrs
    13.  Organic vegetables: Introduction, 36 X 36 Model
    14.  Organic fruits: Papaya, Water melon, Guava, Lemon.
    15.  Sericulture and Mushroom cultivation Techniques.
  


Practical                                                                 
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
IIIB.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A2
Organic farming and Sustainable Agriculture.
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

    1.      Construction of Compost manure pit.
    2.      Preparation of Ghana Jeevamrutham, Drava Jeevamrutham and Pancha gavya.
    3.      Cultivation of Azolla.
    4.      Study of Symbiotic Bacteria, Non-symbiotic Bacteria, and Mychorrhiza with the help of             photographs/specimens. 
    5.      Preparation of Vavili aaku decoction, Neem decoction and Datura decoction.
    6.      Study of nutritional value and preparation of recipes: Maize, Korralu (Fox tail) Ragulu, Soya         beans and Ulavalu (horse gram)
    7.      Construction of 36 X 36 Model Organic kitchen garden.
    8.      To study the nutritional value and preparation of commercial products: water melon candy,         lemon cubes , Guava nectar and orange squash.
    9.      Field Visits to organic farming / sericulture / mushroom cultivation Units.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.Sc, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A3
SELF STUDY COURSE    
Crop cultivation Techniques & Economic Development

Unit-I Cocoa cultivation:
    1.      Introduction, Morphology, Pruning techniques, Climate & Soil types.
    2.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
    3.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-II Oil palm cultivation:
    4.      Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    5.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
    6.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-III Sugar cane cultivation:
    7.      Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    8.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
    9.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-IV Mango cultivation:
    10.  Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    11.  Plantation & Irrigation management.
    12.  Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-V Cashew nut cultivation
    13.  Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
    14.  Plantation & Irrigation management.
    15.  Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2019 - 20
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A3
SELF STUDY COURSE

Crop cultivation Techniques & Economic Development  

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Visit to Cocoa gardens, Pruning, Post harvesting techniques, Mondelez India Foods Private Limited, Eluru /Local area
2.      Visit to Oil palm research centre,  Pedavegi / Local area
3.      Visit to Sugar factory, observation of sugar processing – Andhra sugars, Bhimadolu / Local area.
4.      Visit to Mango gardens, Mango Processing, Nuziveedu / Local area.
5.      Visit to Cashew nut gardens, processing of cashew nut, Jangareddygudem / Local area.

Syllabus for Botany Certificate Course: 2020 - 2021

Herbal Therapy

  1. Introduction and scope of medicinal plants.
  2. Collection and preservation of important medicinal plants.
  3. Visit to medicinal important industries and organizations. 
  4. Study of the following plants and plant products:

    a.      Home remedies

1.      Curcuma longa – Turmeric,

2.      Zingiber officinale - Ginger

3.      Piper nigrum - Pepper

4.      Allium sativum - Garlic

5.      Elettaria cardamomum - Cardamom

6.      Cinnamomum zeylanicum - Cinnamon

7.      Cuminum cyminum - Cumin

8.      Syzygium Aromaticum –Cloves 

9.      Trigonella foenum graecum – Fenugreek

10.  Ferula asafetida – Asafoetida

b.      Medicinal importance of the following plants

11.      Centella asiatica – Brahmi

12.      Eclipta alba – Gunta Galagara

13.      Aloe vera – Kalabanda

14.      Coriandrum sativum – Coriander

15.      Mentha arvensis – Pudina

16.      Ocimum sanctum –Tulasi

17.      Azadirachta indica – Neem

18.      Gymnema sylvestris – Podapatri

19.      Hibiscus rosa sinensis – Mandara

20.  Murraya koenigii - Curry leaf  

c.      Medicinal importance of the following fruits

21.  Annona squamosa  - Custard apple

22.  Carica papaya - Papaya

23.  Citrus aurantifolia - Lime

24.  Punica grnatum - Pomo granite

25.  Phyllanthus emblica – Amla


2018 -19

PAPER TITLES

Semester

Paper

Title of the Paper
I Year
I
Paper I
Microbial Diversity, Algae & Fungi
II
Paper II
Diversity of Archaegoniatae & Plant Anatomy

II Year
III
Paper III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology

IV
Paper IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Certificate course
Herbal Medicine
III Year
V
Paper V
Cell biology and Genetics
Paper VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology
VI
Elective-1
Paper VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology
Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening
Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A2
Organic farming and Sustainable Agriculture.
Cluster Elective
Paper VIII A3
Crop Cultivation Techniques & Economic Development/Project/Intern ship/MOOC’S
Self Study Course
Ayurved Vydya



                                                                                                
                                                                      Theory                                                                                                                                            Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
I B.SC, I Semester, Paper-I
Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Microbial Diversity                                                                                                12 hrs
1.    Origin of life: Introduction, Spontaneous, Biogenesis, Pasteur experiments, Germ theory of disease.
2.  Microorganisms: Introduction, Classification (R.H.Whittaker’s five kingdom concept, Carl Woese’s–Domain system).
3.   Special groups of Bacteria (Brief account): Archaebacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Actinomycetes, Rickettsias and Cyanobacteria.    

UNIT-II: Microbial Diversity                                                                                               12 hrs
4.      Introduction, general characteristics, cell structure and nutrition.
5.     Reproduction: Asexual–Binary fission, endospores, Sexual–Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction.
6.      Economic importance of Bacteria.

UNIT-III: Microbial Diversity                                                                                             12 hrs
7.    Introduction, T4 phage structure and replication (Lytic and Lysogenic), Structure of (TMV, Viroids and Prions).
8.      Plant diseases caused by Viruses: Symptoms, transmission and control measures of-
a.       Tobacco Mosaic Virus,  b. Bhendi vein clearing,  c. Papaya leaf-curl diseases.

UNIT-IV: Algae                                                                                                                    12 hrs
9.      General account: Introduction, Thallus organization and Reproduction.
10.  Fritsch classification (up to classes) and Economic importance.
11.  Structure, reproduction and life history: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia.

UNIT-V: Fungi                                                                                                                     12 hrs
12.  General account: Introduction, Mycelium structure, Reproduction and Classification (outlines of Ainsworth).
13. Structure, reproduction and life history: Albugo (Mastigomycota), Penicillium (Ascomycota) and Puccinia (Basidiomycota).
14. Lichens: Introduction, External morphology– Crustose, Foliose and Frutcose Lichens,  internal structure of thallus, External and internal structure of Apothecium, Economic importance. 


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
I B. Sc, I Semester, Paper-I
Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.  Knowledge of Equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hot-air oven, Autoclave, laminar air flow chamber, Incubator.
2.      Preparation of solid and liquid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration).
3.      Study of viruses and bacteria using electron photo micrograph /slides /models: TMV, Bacteriophage, HIV, Cocci, Bacillus, Spirillum bacteria).
4.      Gram staining technique (Demonstration).
5.      Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice, Angular leaf spot of Cotton) and viruses (TMV, Bhendi Vein clearing and Leaf curl of Papaya), Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast).
6.      Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following materials /slides /mounts /specimens:
a.       Cyanobacteria: Nostoc and Scytonema.
b.      Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia,
c.       Fungi: Penicillium and Puccinia.
d.      Liichens: Morphology of Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose, TS of Thallus, TS of Apothecium
7.      Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi: Albugo. 
8.      Field Visit to microbiology research institutes and report submission. 

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
I B.SC, II Semester, Paper-II
Diversity of Archegoniate & Plant Anatomy
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Bryophyta                                                                                                               12hrs
1.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
2.      Structure, reproduction and Life history: Marchantia and Anthoceros.
3.      Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes.

UNIT-II: Pteridophyta                                                                                                         12 hrs
4.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
5.      Structure, reproduction and Life history: Lycopodium and Marsilea.
6.      Heterospory and Seed habit.
7.      Stelar Evolution in Pteridophytes

UNIT-III: Gymnosperms                                                                                                     12 hrs
8.      General account: Introduction, Characteristics, Reproduction and Classification (up to classes).
9. Morphology, Anatomy, Reproduction and Life history: Pinus and Gnetum. (Gnetum:Assignment/Seminar/Group discussion/Quiz).

UNIT-IV: Plant Anatomy                                                                                                    12 hrs
10.  Meristems: Introduction, Shoot apical meristems – Apical  Cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica- Corpus theory, Root apical meristems - Apical Cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory, Quiscent centre theory.
11.Tissues: Simple–Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. Complex–Xylem and Phloem. Secretory–Schizogenous, Lysogenous and Hydathodes.
12.Tissue systems: Epidermal, Ground and Vascular.
                                                                       
UNIT-V: Plant Anatomy                                                                                                      12 hrs
13.  Anomalous secondary growth in Bignonia, Boerhaavia and Dracaena.
14.  Botanical name, Family and Economic importance of timber yielding plants: Teak wood, Rose wood, Red sanders and Neem wood. 


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
I B.SC, II Semester, Paper-II
Diversity of Archegoniate & Plant Anatomy
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Vegetative and reproductive structures of following materials/slides/mounts /specimens:
a.      Bryophytes:  Marchantia, Anthoceros.
b.      Ptreridophytes: Lycopodium, Marselia.
c.       Gymnosperms: Pinus
2.      Section cutting:
a.       Lycopodium stem TS.
b.      Marselia Rhiome TS.
c.       Marselia petiole TS.
d.      Pinus needle TS.
e.       Pinus stem TS.
3.      Demonstration of double staining technique.
4.      Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides.
5.      Section cuttings of Anomalous secondary structures:
a.       Bignonia stem TS.
b.      Boerhaavia stem TS.
c.       Dracaena stem TS.

6.      Anatomical study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S using permanent slides.


Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
II B.Sc, III Semester, Paper-III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                     12hrs
1.      Introduction: Aims of taxonomy, Aspects of systematic–Identification, nomenclature and classification.Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic.
2.   Systems of classification: Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification, Merits and demerits. Engler & Prantl system of classification, Merits and demerits (Out lines only)
3. Botanical nomenclature: Introduction, ICBN (International code of Botanical Nomenclature) - Principles, Rules (ranks of taxa, nomenclature of taxa, typification, principles of priority, valid publication, author citation, rejection of names).  

UNIT-II: Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                   12hrs
4.      Phylogeny: Origin and Evolution of Angiosperms.
5.      Herbarium: Introduction, Herbarium techniques (field visit, collection, pressing, drying, mounting, labeling, handling, organization) and Applications of herbarium. Botanical gardens (brief account)
6.      Systematic study and Economic importance of following families-
                Annonaceae, Brassicaceae, Rutaceae, Curcurbitaceae   and Apiaceae.

UNIT-III:  Plant Taxonomy                                                                                                 12hrs
7.      Systematic study and Economic importance of following families-
     Asteraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphobiaceae and  Poaceae.
             
UNIT-IV: Embryology                                                                                                         12hrs
10. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and Development of Male gametophyte.
11. Ovule structure and types, Megasporogenesis, Development of Monosporic, Bisporic
and Tetrasporic types (Adoxa, Drusa and peperomia) of Embryosacs, Structure of mature Embryo sac.
            12. Pollination and Fertilization (out lines).

UNIT-V: Embryology                                                                                                          12hrs
13. Endosperm: Development, Types and Haustoria.
14. Embryo: Dicot and Monocot embryo development.
15. Polyembryony: Types and significance. 

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
II B.Sc, III Semester, Paper-III
Plant Taxonomy and Embryology
Total hours of laboratory Exercises 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Systemiatic study of plants belonging to the following families:
a.       Annonaceae – Annona squamosa
b.      Rutaceae – Murraya paniculata
c.       Cucurbitaceae – Coccinia indica
d.      Asteraceae – Tridax procumbens
e.       Asclepiadaceae – Calotropis gigantia
f.       Lamiaceae – Osmium sanctum
2.      Derivation of following plants up to their family level:
a.       Brassicaceae, b. Apiaceae, c. Euphorbiaceae, d.Poaceae.
3.      Demonstration of herbarium techniques: Field visit, Collection, Pressing, Drying, Mounting, Labeling, Handling and Organization.   
4.      Study of ovule types: Orthotropus, Anatropus and Campylotropus.
5.      Embryosac structures using permanent slides / Photographs / models: 2 nucleate, 4 nucleate and 8 nucleate.
6.      Structure of endosperm: Nuclear and cellular.
7.       Developmental stages of Dicot and Monocot embryos using permanent slides / Photographs / models.
8.      Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical     Examination.
9.      Field visits, Study of local flora and submission of field note book.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
II B.SC, IV Semester, Paper-IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT-I: Plant Physiology                                                                                                     12 hrs
1.      Importance of water to plant life, Diffusion, imbibitions, osmosis and plasmolysis.
2.   Ascent of sap: Introduction, Mechanism of ascent of sap-Pulsation theory (J.C. Bose), Cohesion tension theory (Dixon and Jolly).
3.      Transpiration: Definition, Transpiration types, Structure of stomata, Mechanism of closing and opening of stomata, Starch sugar hypothesis and steward’s hypothesis, Antitranspirants.

UNIT-II: Plant Physiology                                                                                                   12 hrs
4.    Mineral Nutrition: Introduction, Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients, their role in plant Metabolism and Deficiency symptoms. (Assignment/Quiz)
5.    Mineral ion uptake: Passive transport–Diffusion, Ion exchange, Donnan equilibrium, Active transport–Carrier concept.
  1. Enzymes: Introduction, Structure and properties of enzymes, Mechanism of enzyme action, Factors regulating enzyme action.
UNIT-III: Plant Physiology                                                                                                  12 hrs
      7.      Definition, Structure of Chloroplast, Photosynthetic Pigments, Quantosomes, Hill Reaction.
  1. Mechanism of photosynthesis: Light Phase-Introduction, Emerson Enhancement phenomenon, Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation. Dark phase-C3, C4 and CAM path ways, Photorespiration (C2 Cycle), significance.    
  2. Translocation of organic solutes: Introduction, Source–Sink relationships, Mechanism of Phloem Transport-Munch’s Mass flow Hypothesis.
UNIT-IV: Plant Metabolism                                                                                                12 hrs
     10.  Respirtion: Introduction, Structure of Mitochondria, Types of Respiration-Aerobic &
Anaerobic, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System.
11.Nitrogen metabolism: Introduction, Biological nitrogen fixation in rhizobium, Protein synthesis (out lines)–Transcription and Translation.
  1. Lipid Metabolism: Introduction, Types of lipids and Beta-oxidation.
UNIT-V: Plant Metabolism                                                                                                  12 hrs
13.  Phytohormones: Definition and importance.
14.  Physiological effects of phytohormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, ABA and Ethylene.
15.  Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, Role of phytochrome in flowering, Vernalization.
16.  Physiology of senescence and ageing.


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
II B.SC, IV Semester, Paper-IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Total hours of teaching 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

MAJOR EXPERIMENTS

1.      Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique.
2.      Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method using leaves of Rhoeo / Tradescantia.
3.      Determination of rate of transpiration by cobalt chloride method.
4.      Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method.  
5.      Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis by ‘Hydrilla funnel’ experiment.
6.      Study the effect of amylase enzyme on starch.
MINOR EXPERIMENTS

7.      Demonstrations of ascent of sap / Transpiration pull.
8.      Demonstration of osmosis by ‘egg membrane’ experiment.
9.      Demonstration of imbibitions.
10.  Demonstration of phototropism.
11.  Demonstration of stomatal frequency using leaf epidermal peelings.
12.  Demonstration of Dicot and Monocot stomata Structure.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-V
Cell biology and Genetics
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

UNIT – I: Cell Biology                                                                                                        12hrs
            1.      Introduction, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
            2.      Plant cell wall: Introduction, Ultra structure and Functions.
            3.      Plasma membrane: Introduction, Structure, Theories and Functions.

Unit – II: Cell Biology                                                                                                         12hrs
           4.      Mitochondria: Structure, Functions, Mitochondrial DNA.
           5.      Chloroplast: Structure, Functions, Chloroplast DNA.
           6.      Nucleus: Structure and Functions.
           7.      Cell division: Mitosis, Meiosis and their Significance.

Unit – III: Cell biology                                                                                                        12hrs
8.      Chromosome: Introduction, Structure, Organization of DNA in Chromosome (Nucleosome Model), Euchromatin, Heterochromatin.
           9.      DNA: Introduction, Structure (Watson and Crick), DNA Types and Functions, DNA Replication (Semi Conservative).
                 10.  RNA: Introduction, Types and Functions.

Unit – IV: Genetics                                                                                                              12hrs
                11.  Mendelien Inheritance:  Introduction, Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation,                       Law of Independent Assortment, Back cross and Test cross.
               12.  Chromosome Theory of Inheritance.
               13.  Linkage: Introduction, Complete & Incomplete linkage, Factors Effecting Linkage                  and Significance.
Unit – V: Genetics                                                                                                                12hrs
               14.  Crossing Over:  Introduction, Mechanism of Crossing over, Theories – Johnson                        Hypothesis, Torsion Hypothesis, Breakage and Exchange Theory, Types – Single,                      Double and Multiple Crossing over and Significance.
           15.  Mutations: Introduction, Types of Mutations, Physical & Chemical Mutagens, Gene Mutations.
Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-V
Cell biology and Genetics
Total hours of teaching 30hrs @ 3hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

        1.      Study of Plant Cell Structure through Temporary Mounts.
       2.      Study of Plant Cell Organelles through Photomicrographs.
3.      Study of Various Stages of Mitosis Using Cytological Preparation of Onion Root Tips.
      4.      Stages of Meiosis: Permanent Slides/Photographs.
5.      Numerical Problems Solving Mendel ‘Laws of Inheritance’ – Monohybrid & Di-hybrid crosses.
      6.      Chromosome Mapping Using 3 Point Test Cross Data.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit – I: Medicinal   Botany                                                                                             12hrs
      1.      History, Scope and Importance of Medicinal Plants.
      2.      Ayurveda: Introduction, Panchamahabuthas, Sapthadaathus, Tridoshas, Plants Used in               Ayurvedic Treatment.
     3.      Homeopathy: Introduction, Laws of Homeopathy, Diagnosis and Treatment.
     4.      Naturopathy: Introduction, Concepts, Treatment.

Unit – II: Medicinal Botany                                                                                               12hrs
    5.      Role of Medicinal Plants in Primary Health Care: Botanical Name, Family, Active          Principle and Medicinal Importance of Following Plants - Ocimum sanctum, Aloe vera, Curcuma longa, Aerva lanata and Eclipta alba.
  6.      Role of Medicinal Plants in Modern medicine: Botanical Name, Family, Chemical       constituent and Medicinal Uses of following plants - Rawolfia serpentine, Gymnema sylvestris, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus emblica,  Catheranthus roseus.
 
Unit–III: Medicinal Botany                                                                                                12hrs
   7.      Important medicinal plants: History, Biological source, Morphology, Cultivation,                  collection, Preservation, Active principle, Administration and Medicinal uses of                        following    plants - Cinchona officinalis, Strychnos nuxvomica, Andrographis paniculata.
   8.   Important medicinal products: Introduction, Properties, Biological source, Uses of                 following products - Alkaloids, Steroids, Gums, Resins, Latex.
   9.      Conservation: Introduction, Objectives, Rare species, Endemic and Endangered                     medicinal  plants, Conservation methods.

Unit–IV: Plant Ecology                                                                                                       12hrs
  10.  Introduction, Components of ecosystems, Food chains, Food webs.
  11.  Ecological pyramids: Number, Biomass and Energy pyramids. 
  12.Ecological succession: Introduction, Hydrosere and Xerosere.
  13.  Population ecology: Natality, Mortality, Growth curves, Ecotypes, Ecads.

Unit–V Plant Ecology                                                                                                          12hrs
   14.  Community ecology: Frequency, Density, Cover, Life forms, Biological spectrum.
   15.  Ecological factors: light, temperature, Edaphic and Biotic factors.
   16.  Biogeochemical cycles: Water and Nitrogen. 
Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, V Semester, Paper-VI
Medicinal Botany and Plant Ecology
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:
           
1.      Botanical name, family, morphology of useful part and medicinal uses of following medicinal plants
                        a.       Rawolfia serpentine,
b.      Gymnema sylvestris,
c.       Centella asiatica,
d.      Phyllanthus emblica, 
e.       Catheranthus roseus. 
f.    Ocimum sanctum,
g.    Aloe vera,
h.   Curcuma longa,
i.    Aerva lanata and
j     Eclipta alba.
k.   Cinchona officinalis,
l.   Strychnos nuxvomica,
m.  Andrographis paniculata.

2.      Study of medicinal products: Alkaloids, Steroids, Gums, Resins, Latex.
3.      Collection and preparation of herbarium of 15 medicinal plants.                                          
4.      Study of instruments:
a.       Anemometer
b.      light meter
c.       Hygrometer
d.      Wet and dry bulb thermometer.
5.      Determination of soil pH
6.      Study of 5 endemic and 5 endangered plants with Photographs.
7.      Visit to Medicinal garden / Forest ecosystem.


Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Elective Paper-VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit-I Economic Botany                                                                                                       12hrs
1.      Introduction and Scope.
2.      Vavilov’s centers of crop plants.
3.      Morphology and Nutritive value of following crops-
a.       Cereals: Rice and wheat.
b.      Millets: Jowar and Bajra.
Unit-II Economic Botany                                                                                                     12hrs
Botanical name, family, part used and economic importance of following-
4.      Legumes: Red gram, Green gram, Black gram, Bengal gram
5.      Spices: Cloves, Cardamom, Pepper, Cinnamomum
6.      Oils: Ground nut oil, Sun flower oil, Gingili oil, Palm oil.
7.      Beverages: Tea and Coffee.
Unit-III Economic Botany                                                                                                    12hrs
8.      Coconut plant: General description, Extraction of oil, Preparation of copra and coir and Economic importance.
9.      Banana plant: General description, Propagation, Harvesting, Curing, arketing and Economic importance of plant parts.
Unit-IV Plant Biotechnology                                                                                                12hrs
10.  Introduction, History, Scope and Importance.
11.  Gene transfer techniques in plants: Introduction, Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer and DNA mediated gene transfer techniques.
12.  Applications of Biotechnology in crop improvement: Viral resistant, bacterial resistant, Fungal resistant, cold resistant and Drought resistant plants, Golden Rice.
Unit-V Plant Biotechnology                                                                                                 12hrs
13.  Tissue culture techniques: Introduction, Scope and Totipotency.
14.  Sterilization techniques, MS medium, Inoculation, Incubation, Regeneration of plants from callus (organogenesis, Embryogenesis), Transfer of plantlets to fields.
15.  Applications of tissue culture: Micropropagation, Germ plasm storage, Embryo rescue, Somaclonal variation, Haploid plants, Artificial seeds, Production of secondary metabolites, Somatic hybrids and Transgenic plants.


Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Elective, Paper-VII
Economic Botany and Plant Biotechnology
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Collection, identification and economic importance of following products:
a.       Rice.
b.      Wheat.
c.       Red gram.
d.      Green gram.
e.       Black gram.
f.       Bengal gram.
g.      Cloves.
h.      Cardamom.
i.        Pepper.
j.        Cinnamomum.
k.      Ground nut oil.
l.        Sun flower oil.
m.    Gingili oil.
n.      Palm oil.
o.      Tea.
p.      Coffee.
                                        
2.      Study of gene transfer techniques through photographs:
a.       Agro bacterium mediated gene transfer technique.
b.      Direct gene transfer technique.
                                                              i.      Electro poration.
                                                            ii.      Micro injection.
                                                          iii.      Micro projectile bombardment,
3.      Study of Golden Rice. Sample / Photographs.
4.      Instruments used in tissue culture
a.       Autoclave
b.      Hot air oven
c.       Incubator
d.      Laminar flow chamber
5.      Visits to tea/ rice /oil processing units / Biotechnology lab / tissue culture lab.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week
                                                                             
Unit-I Nursery                                                                                                                       12hrs
      1.      Introduction, Objectives and Scope.
      2.      Structural construction of nursery
      3.      Raising seedlings and Transplantation.
Unit-II Nursery                                                                                                                     12hrs
     4.      Vegetative propagation: Introduction, Importance and Scope.
     5.      Grafting technique: Introduction, types – Detached Scion grafting and bud grafting.  
     6.      Layering: Introduction, Natural and Artificial layering.
Unit-III Gardening                                                                                                               12hrs
     7.      Gardening: Introduction, Objectives and Scope.
     8.      Gardening: Features of garden-Fencing, Lawn, Flower beds, Boarders, Steps.
     9.      Home gardening: Guidelines, Characters, Designs and Benefits.
Unit-IV Gardening                                                                                                               12hrs
    10.  Famous gardens of India: Ooty, Bangaluru, Kolkota and Darjeeling.
    11.  Bonsai: Introduction, Principles, Cultivation and Common styles of Bonsai.
    12.  Land scaping: Goals, Catogeries, Designs, Benefits, Computer applications in landscaping.
Unit-V Gardening                                                                                                                 12hrs
   13.  Cultivation, Harvesting and Packaging of important cut flowers: Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Anthuriums, Gladiolus, Marigold, Rose, Lilium and jasmine.
   14.  Hydroponic culture technique.
   15.  Terrace garden technique.

Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A1
Nursery and Gardening
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Seedling raising and transplantation.
2.       Vegetable grafting techniques
3.      Grafting techniques: Mango, Sapota and Rose.
4.      Layering techniques: Crotons, Ixora and Guava.
5.      Demonstration of Bonsai cultivation.
6.      Terrace garden technique.
7.      Hydroponics technique.
8.      Flower bouquet preparations.
9.      Visit to Horticulture University.

Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A2
Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture.
Total hours of teaching 60 hrs @ 4 hrs per week

Unit-I Organic farming                                                                                                        12hrs
1.      Organic farming: Introduction, Principles, Benefits, Scope.
2.      Agencies and Institutions related to Organic farming.
3.      Types of Soil, Soil tillage, Land preparation, Mulching, Planting materials, Seed treatment, Water management.

Unit-II Organic farming                                                                                                       12hrs
4.      Natural organic fertilizers: Introduction, Nadep compost, Compost, Animal manure.
5.      Artificial organic fertilizers: Introduction, Ghana Jeevamrutham, Drava Jeevamrutham, Pancha gavva.
6.      Bio-fertilizers: Introduction, Azolla, Symbiotic Bacteria, Non-symbiotic Bacteria, and Mychorrhiza.  

Unit-III Organic farming                                                                                                     12hrs
7.      Bio-pesticides: Introduction, Vavili aaku decoction, Neem decoction and Datura decoction.
8.      Policies and Incentives of organic production.
9.       Farm inspection crop and Certification.

Unit-IV Sustainable agriculture                                                                                           12hrs
10.  Cereals: Maize.
11.  Millets: Korralu (Fox tail) and Ragulu.
12.  Pulses: Soya beans, Ulavalu (Horse gram)

Unit-V Sustainable agriculture                                                                                            12hrs
13.  Organic vegetables: Introduction, 36 X 36 Model
14.  Organic fruits: Papaya, Water melon, Guava, Lemon.
15.  Sericulture and Mushroom cultivation Techniques.
  
Practical                                                                 
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A2
Organic farming and Sustainable Agriculture.
Total hours of teaching 30 hrs @ 3 hrs per week

 Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Construction of Compost manure pit.
2.      Preparation of Ghana Jeevamrutham, Drava Jeevamrutham and Pancha gavva.
3.      Cultivation of Azolla.
4.      Study of Symbiotic Bacteria, Non-symbiotic Bacteria, and Mychorrhiza with the help of photographs/specimens. 
5.      Preparation of Vavili aaku decoction, Neem decoction and Datura decoction.
6.      Study of nutritional value and preparation of recipes: Maize, Korralu (Fox tail) Ragulu, Soya beans and Ulavalu (horse gram)
7.      Construction of 36 X 36 Model Organic kitchen garden.
8.      To study the nutritional value and preparation of commercial products: water melon candy, lemon cubes , Guava nectar and orange squash.
9.      Field Visits to organic farming / sericulture / mushroom cultivation Units.
Theory
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A3
SELF STUDY COURSE    
Crop cultivation Techniques & Economic Development

Unit-I Cocoa cultivation:
1.      Introduction, Morphology, Pruning techniques, Climate & Soil types.
2.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
3.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-II Oil palm cultivation:
4.      Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
5.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
6.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-III Sugar cane cultivation:
7.      Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
8.      Plantation & Irrigation management.
9.      Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-IV Mango cultivation:
10.  Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
11.  Plantation & Irrigation management.
12.  Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Unit-V Cashew nut cultivation
13.  Introduction, Morphology, Climate & Soil types.
14.  Plantation & Irrigation management.
15.  Harvest & Post Harvest techniques.
Practical
Botany Syllabus: 2018-19
III B.SC, VI Semester, Cluster Elective VIII A3
SELF STUDY COURSE

Crop cultivation Techniques & Economic Development  

Laboratory Exercises:

1.      Visit to Cocoa gardens, Pruning, Post harvesting techniques, Modelez India Foods Private Limited, Eluru /Local area
2.       Visit to Oil palm research centre,  Pedavegi / Local area
3.      Visit to Sugar factory, observation of sugar processing – Andhra sugars, Bhimadolu / Local area.
4.      Visit to Mango gardens, Mango Processing, Nuziveedu / Local area.
5.      Visit to Cashew nut gardens, processing of cashew nut, Jangareddygudem / Local area.

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